Genomic epidemiology methods further suggest a potential link between the increasing clinical incidence of azole-resistant IA and the increasingly widespread presence of azole-resistant genotypes in environmental isolates ( 3 Common antifungal drugs and associated resistance mechanisms Common antifungal drugs include polyenes, azoles, allylamines, morpholines, and echinocandins, all of which function as antimetabolic agents targeting essential fungal structures or biosynthetic pathways (Fisher et al., 2022
and recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils
They actively disrupt the stoichiometry of photosynthetic proteins, degrade PSII, and change the redox state of the plastoquinone pool, resulting in the excessive production and accumulation of ROS, which eventually triggers a cell death that resembles the effector-triggered HR that limits the growth of pathogens 17,23,24,59,60,61
For example, after a muscle strain or ligament sprain, a patient might receive GHK-Cu injections (often as part of a peptide or vitamin cocktail) to speed tissue repair