Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder affecting 1% of the population, causing reversible inflammation of the small intestine mucosa and accompanied by acute symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, bloating, nausea, and vomiting
The stomach gradually produces less acid and intrinsic factor, and then the nutrients stop being absorbed appropriately
In adulthood, a direct relationship exists between serum E2 and GH secretion, which is stronger in women than in men
By mapping the cascade from zinc imbalance to molecular dysfunction, organelle stress and disease expression, the framework provides an early overview that anchors the detailed sections that follow and highlights mechanistic points of intervention with potential relevance for future therapeutic modulation 18,19,20,21